Relationship between prison overcrowding and violence Essay

Connection between jail congestion and savagery - Essay Example A number different disturbing issues are rising as cautioned by policymakers and researchers, because of this unfortunate pattern, for example, the authoritative mayhem, extraordinary brutality and medical problems. Thusly, comparing crisis measures have been taken, to provide food these issues.As expressed by Gaes and McGuire it has been accounted for dependent on the research facility explores that swarming and blockage prompts animosity. Direct relapse strategies were utilized in the late 1970’s to identify the association between the standard indicia of opposition and expanding jail masses for example the authority ‘incidents’ and convict animosity. Most if these explores were on solid conviction that the expanding populace's densities in jails may bring about convict viciousness and antagonistic vibe and lead to blunder in the jail offices. By and by, despite the fact that some early presentations to the opposite, their examinations have on the unblemished ne glected to discover an unequivocal relationship between spatial focus, common fixation, or convict wisdom of amassing, and amplifications in detainee animosity. The vast majority of the investigations in such manner, related the raise in the prisoner viciousness with increase in masses levels of the jail office. By and by, the greater part of these explores couldn't understand other basic factors in coming to there results, for example, racial isolation strains, prison’s organization, and prisoner age patterns. ... Straight relapse methods were utilized in the late 1970's to recognize the association between the standard indicia of enmity and expanding jail people for example the official 'episodes' and convict hostility. Most if these investigates were on solid conviction that the expanding populaces densities in penitentiaries may bring about convict brutality and threatening vibe and lead to fumble in the jail offices (P. 41-65). All things considered, despite the fact that some early affirmations to the opposite, their examinations have on the flawless neglected to learn an unequivocal relationship between spatial fixation, common focus, or convict acumen of amassing, and developments in detainee hostility. The vast majority of the examinations in such manner, related the raise in the prisoner savagery with enlarge in masses levels of the jail office. By and by, a large portion of these investigates couldn't understand other basic factors in coming to there results, for example, racial isol ation strains, jail's organization, and prisoner age patterns. In addition, considers that were done all the more as of late and guarantee to have consolidated these angles in their examinations appear to explain the past ambiguous ends. (Freedman, P. 83-88) As indicated by the discoveries of Robert Leger (P. 167-181) for the idea of congestion, ethnic strains were chiefly dependable, especially in those groupings that are in the minority jails. He includes that thickness adds no coherent change to these issues. In addition, Ekland-Olson (P. 163-176) and very others perceived that for the deviations in prisoner crimes rates, not swarming however the age of the convict populace was

Economic Policy and Practice

Financial Policies And Practices ECO2072/Professor Gordon 4/5/2013 Assignment Due Date †4/3/2013 Economic Policies And Practices Understanding the establishment for which our economy and society in general is based upon, the requirement for a controlled and oversaw fiscal framework to work viably so as to encourage exchange and settle the stream inside our economy is a must.To encourage this need the central government executes instruments for investigating the economy so as to direct and control, and choices are made dependent on the sources of info and perceptions made to balance out and empower the cash to develop and withdraw as required inside our monetary framework. Once more, in light of the previously mentioned, the expression â€Å"money causes the world to go around† along these lines can be credited to the controlled frameworks, strategies as well as a systems of our national government for which are administered to upgrade and oversee both the degrees of and i mpacts of our money related financial system.As we continue, we will endeavor to clarify different government arrangement changes or spontaneous occasions which can and may happen, and the subsequent monetary occasions or action that will be affected inside our economy and the impacts it has upon and inside our economy. Actualized Budget Plan Resulting In Increases In Debt And No Plan For Problems As we take a gander at our Federal Governments job in execution and control of our nation’s financial plan and the present spending shortage we can just ask that those accountable for the choices use the instruments accessible to them to oversee and relax the hit to the economy as the shortfall grows.Where for the situation our legislature utilizes a spending plan more than a few monetary years and results wherein our economy continues noteworthy increments in the nation’s obligation and shows no indications of help nor presents no designs to manage the issues, a few results would be likely in the economy. Mankiw, 2009, Ch. 32, P. 706 portrays one impact being the place government spending surpasses government income along these lines speaking to negative open sparing, consequently lessening national reserve funds, in this way decreasing the gracefully of loanable assets, Increasing financing costs, and groups out investment.Amadeo, 2013 offers extra impacts of this situation wherein the shortage adds to a country’s obligation every year and as the obligation increments and the enthusiasm on the obligation must be paid, it expands spending while at the same time adding no advantage to the economy. On the off chance that the intrigue installments keep on rising, it can start to make a delay the economy’s development. Mankiw, 2009, Ch. 32, P. 706 states extra impacts in that when spending deficiencies raise financing costs, both household just as outside practices cause U. S. net capital surge to fall.Therefore, in an open economy, our gover nment’s spending shortage raises the economy’s genuine financing costs, in this manner swarming out local speculation, and making the cash acknowledge, thusly pushing the exchange balance toward shortfall. Institution Of New Tariffs And Quotas On All Imports The economy utilizes a model of total interest and total gracefully as a way to break down the financial changes of flexibly and request. This model portrays both the general value levels in the economy and the general amount of merchandise and ventures delivered in the economy.If in truth the Federal Government were to order new taxes and standards on all imports, the economy would for sure experience impacts from this action. Mankiw, 2009, Ch. 33, P. 725-726 portrays the model of total interest and flexibly being what most financial specialist use to clarify short-run vacillations in monetary action around the since quite a while ago run pattern. The total interest bend shows the amount of products and ventures f or which family units, firms, the legislature, and clients abroad need to purchase at each value level.The total gracefully bend shows the amount of merchandise and enterprises that organizations decide to deliver and sell at each value level. The effect the economy would bring about on account of levies instituted being charges forced on imported merchandise is the expansion of the cost of the products in the local market, along these lines residential makers advantage because of they get more significant expenses, the administration benefits through the assortment of assessment incomes in this way bringing about less merchandise created and the shopper follows through on greater expenses (Investopedia, 2013).In the instance of quantities and their impact on the economy, we find that portions are numerical cutoff points which are forced on imported merchandise and in such an instance of order customers are really hurt by the standards while local and outside makers will profit inde ed by accepting more significant expenses for products and ventures (Investopedia, 2013). Loss Of Confidence In Leadership In Ability To Manage And Create Jobs The Federal government is the substance that means in when our economy acquires unfortunate conditions inside its business cycle.It is assumed that our legislature has instruments to recognize and dissect our economy to comprehend those occasions that can possibly modify the economy’s harmony. Regarding the previously mentioned, issues emerge when the overall population loses trust in the administration and their capacity to deal with the economy to incorporate occupation creation. Mankiw, 2009, Ch. 33, P. 741 offers, that in the situation of absence of certainty we find that customers again adjust their arrangements for the future curtailing buys and spending.The impact of this reduction impacts the total interest bend just as the total flexibly bend along these lines affecting either the short-run balance as well as the since quite a while ago run harmony. The outcomes bring about falling wages and rising joblessness because of decrease of yield reflecting the move in total interest reacting to bring down deals and creation. Amadeo, 2013 states; â€Å"consumers who drive 70% of the economy won’t spend in the event that they don’t accept the future will be protected and secure.Therefore, the basic job of the administration is to make certainty, fueling the financial development expected to make jobs†. Lessening Taxes In Effort To Stimulate The Economy Another device inside our administration and its financial approach to manage and control monetary development is the tax collection level. Some case that, charge rate slices can prompt expanded monetary development, and riches, while others guarantee that by decreasing duties corresponds to the profiting of the affluent because of they pay the most assessments already.Our government has the forces to burden which thusly gives it more prominent authority over its incomes. Mankiw, 2009, Ch. 34, P. 773 offers, that when our legislature lessens individual annual assessments, it expands the salary of buyers. These families will spare a portion of this extra pay, and will likewise invest some of it on merchandise and enterprises. Since lessening charges builds buyer spending along these lines invigorating the economy, the tax reduction moves the total interest bend to one side. On the other hand, a duty increment curbs purchaser spending and moves the total interest bend to the left.The more prominent inquiry lies in ‘what is the effect in our economy of an expense decrease for those creation over $250,000’? Amadeo, 2013 offers that, the administration considers those families that gain more than $250,000 yearly are well off and in this manner should pay more charges because of their capacity to manage the cost of it. Amadeo, 2013 proceeds by expressing that, financial analyst state they don't spe nd these tax reductions, yet spare and contribute them and consequently tax reductions for the riches don't invigorate the economy. Speculation Level’s Decrease Due To Lack Of Confidence In EconomyThe economy rotates around the capacity of shoppers to put their cash in products and enterprises or store ones abundance cash into enthusiasm bearing bank accounts wherein which the money related organizations would utilize the assets to make advances to purchasers to put resources into individual premiums. The capacity to contribute is vital to the since quite a while ago run of our economy’s achievement and the elements of total interest and flexibly and when these degrees of venture decline because of an absence of trust in the economy a few outcomes start to unfurl in the economy. Mankiw, 2009, Ch. 33, P. 41 offers that, during such an occasion numerous individuals lose trust later on and adjust their arrangements, accordingly family units cut back on their spending and abstain from significant buys, and organizations withdraw from the acquisition of new gear. AmosWeb, 2013 states; â€Å"the certainty that customers have in the economy influences their ability to attempt utilization expenditures†. Any adjustment in the certainty of buyers wherein by changing utilization uses, will instigate changes in the economy’s total interest along these lines causing a leftward move of the interest bend. Loan costs Kept Artificially Low By Fed’s For Several YearsThe economy rotates around the financing costs on the numerous speculations of the purchasers and has an essential influence in the spending on products and ventures. The effect on the economy can be supposed to be two overlay in the occasion that loan fees are kept falsely low by the Federal Reserve over an extensive timeframe. Mankiw, 2009, Ch. 33, P. 728 states that, financing costs influence spending on products and enterprises, in this manner a lower loan fee makes acquiring m ore affordable and it urges organizations to get to put resources into activities and gear just as it urges purchasers to obtain to put resources into self and home.This stated, lower loan costs increment the amount of merchandise and ventures in the economy. On the other hand, Shilling, 2012 offers that misleadingly lower financing costs can impactsly affect purchasers in where the individuals who are setting aside cash are currently accepting insignificant to little profit for their bank and currency showcase accounts. Also, the day of the free financial records are blurring endlessly just as banks and frugalities who manage the lower premium income are expanding the measures of required parity

Classroom Community Investigative Paper Essay Example for Free

Study hall Community Investigative Paper Essay Feeling a feeling of network is significant for nearly anybody. Indeed, even now, in school, the understudies in the Elementary Education Program at Utah Valley University are in companions. Why? To assist us with discovering other people who we have basic premiums with, and who can assist us with learning and develop into incredible instructors. Since being in a domain where we have a sense of security just as feeling a feeling of having a place is significant. Building up a study hall network for basic understudies is basic. An understudy who feels good in the study hall will have the option to learn and develop in light of the fact that they won't be reluctant to commit errors before others, and they will figure out how to value the assessments of others. The sooner a kid figures out how to function with and esteem others, the better. This not just advantages an individual during their school years, however is a significant piece of progress sometime down the road. One device we have found out about this semester to improve study hall network is morning gatherings. In spite of the fact that I have not actually observed a rudimentary study hall early daytime meeting in real life, the proof of its prosperity that I have seen and gotten notification from our visitor speaker, Sylvia Allan, just as what I have perused in our course readings and inquired about on the web, has persuaded me to take a stab at morning gatherings in my own study hall. Our early daytime meeting parcel expresses that morning gatherings fabricate a study hall network, which may improve understudy test scores. That is incredible motivation to attempt them. Prior in the semester when we were acquainted with morning gatherings, I was so energized. My objective as an instructor has consistently been to esteem each understudy. I was excited to have been given a device that would do only that. My concentration for morning gatherings will be to help every youngster in my study hall acknowledge how significant and basic they are. Morning gatherings will assist with making a climate of trust, which is basic for ideal understudy learning. The responsive homeroom. organization expresses that morning gatherings â€Å"Build people group, increment understudy venture, and improve scholarly and social abilities. † That is actually what I would like to do with them. Utilizing the early daytime meeting apparatus in our own school study hall has been a powerful instrument for me as an understudy. Since I moved from another associate this semester, I didn't know any other individual in our companion. Taking an interest in early daytime meeting has allowed me the chance to get familiar with the others in our group. Finding out about the similitudes I share with these individuals has permitted me to make associations with a portion of the understudies in my group, and has caused me to feel increasingly good and all the more ready to take part. I intend to utilize the early daytime meeting group as it is introduced toward the beginning of the day meeting parcel with a couple of changes. The welcome, sharing, bunch action, and news and declarations divides are immeasurably significant for the youngsters to become more acquainted with each other and feel great in the study hall. In any case, I will most likely simply compose the news and declarations on the load up and quickly go over it with the class since I intend to show more established evaluations. I might likewise want to include remembrance of a sonnet every day, just as a great saying a la Silvia Allan. I like these thoughts since it offers me the chance to demonstrate to my central that morning gatherings are not just powerful in building a study hall network, they are scholastic too. I intend to start full morning gatherings into my study hall on the main day of school. Since I have not really utilized them in a rudimentary homeroom setting yet, I don't know whether I will do each part each day. For instance, the welcome may must be on Mondays just because of time limitations. I additionally may not do a gathering movement consistently. I may utilize this time as a chance to take a shot at an idea I saw the whole class made some hard memories with. For instance, if the vast majority of the class made some troublesome memories learning a math idea the day preceding, I would have an understudy with a decent comprehension of the idea disclose it to the class while we are in early daytime meeting while the positive study hall network juice is streaming. Ideally, the understudies who are making some troublesome memories with the idea will feel less undermined in light of the fact that we are taking a shot at the idea during early daytime meeting time, not math time. So how does a study hall network lead to separation in the study hall? Having a study hall where understudies feel acknowledged and tolerating permits the educator to have the option to make housing for understudies who need it on the grounds that the remainder of the class comprehends why they need it. One of my most loved â€Å"Hallmarks of a Differentiated Classroom† that portrays this in detail is â€Å"shared obligation regarding the study hall among educator and understudies, in the objective of making it work for everyone†. At the point when understudies feel great in the homeroom and care about their individual cohorts, understudies are happy to impart their qualities to the remainder of the class for the improvement of others. They likewise understand their cutoff points and are eager to fortify them by gaining from different understudies. A study hall network is a significant piece of a fruitful homeroom. It gives understudies a spot where they feel great and are not reluctant to commit errors. Understudies who feel good in the study hall are all the more ready to commit errors and gain from them, along these lines giving them a superior chance to accomplish their maximum capacity. I am eager to utilize morning gatherings in my study hall to manufacture an effective homeroom network.

Top 20 Banks to Work at in 2015

The following banks were rated based on the issues that matter to bankers: prestige, hours, compensation, work-life balance, firm culture, overall satisfaction, business outlook, and other â€Å"quality of life† categories. For each of these parameters, other than prestige, the banking professionals rated their own place of work. They rated other intuitions and not their own for prestige. And here are the rankings! Vault Bank Rankings 2015 (See the full rankings here.) Here are some highlights from the rankings: †¢ Goldman Sachs ranks in 1st place for prestige, but for quality of life issues, specifically hours and work-life balance, it ranks in 15th place. Blackstone, on the other hand, ranked in the top 5 for each of the quality of life categories. †¢ Overall, work-life balance ratings are on the rise within these top companies, as are diversity ratings. †¢ Two years ago, J.P. Morgan ranked in 1st place; this year they’ve dropped to 4th place. †¢ Big jumpers include Moelis Company (23rd last year to 12th this year) and UBS AG (26th last year to 19th this year), as well as Canaccord Genuity and Guggenheim Securities, LLC which both made it to top 25 (17th and 24th place respectively) this year and were not ranked at all last year. †¢ For more analysis, please see â€Å"Vault’s 2015 Banking Rankings are Live.† Source: Vault Banking Rankings Related Resources: †¢Ã‚  Which Business School Will Get Me to Wall Street? †¢Ã‚  The Facts About Financial Services †¢Ã‚  Where Does Wall St. Hire: U.S. B-Schools Sending Grads into Financial Services

Output - 10570 Words

Human Resource Management, 12e (Dessler) Chapter 13 Benefits and Services 1) The indirect financial and nonfinancial payments employees receive for continuing their employment with a company are called ________. A) reimbursement B) compensation C) salary D) benefits E) remuneration Answer: D Explanation: Benefits—indirect financial and nonfinancial payments employees receive for continuing their employment with the company—are an important part of just about everyone s compensation. They include things like health and life insurance, pensions, time off with pay, and child-care assistance. Diff: 1 Page Ref: 446 Chapter: 13 Objective: 1 Skill: Concept 2) Nonfinancial payments like health and life insurance, pensions,†¦show more content†¦Diff: 1 Page Ref: 469 Chapter: 13 Objective: 1 Skill: Concept 8) What is the maximum number of weeks of unpaid leave that an employee may take under the Family and Medical Leave Act? A) four B) six C) ten D) twelve E) sixteen Answer: D Explanation: Private employers of 50 or more employees must provide eligible employees (women or men) up to 12 weeks of unpaid leave for their own serious illness, the birth or adoption of a child, or the care of a seriously ill child, spouse, or parent. Diff: 1 Page Ref: 470 Chapter: 13 Objective: 1 Skill: Concept 9) All of the following are true statements regarding the application of the Family and Medical Leave Act EXCEPT ________. A) employers may require employees to provide advance notice and medical certification B) eligible employees must have worked for the employer for at least one year C) employees must be employed at job sites with at least 50 employees D) up to 12 weeks must be granted in a twelve-month period E) employees may take leave on an intermittent basis Answer: A Explanation: Employers may require employees to provide advance notice and medical certification. Employees are eligible if they have worked for the employer for at least one year and if the employer has at least 50 workers on site. Up to 12 weeks must be granted, although the time may be taken intermittently. Diff: 3 Page Ref: 470-471 Chapter: 13 Objective: 1 Skill: Concept 10)Show MoreRelatedOutput and Average Age1577 Words   |  7 PagesState of Residence. The output data will consist of the average age of all the members of the family. Also I need an output printout of each family member that reside in Texas. Therefore, in my program I must be able to allow the user to input the information needed to calculate the average age of the family. To compute the output, I need to create a formula that will give us the correct output information. The following formula can be used to achieve the desired output: Average Age of FamilyRead MoreOutput and Lt Essay659 Words   |  3 Pagesis based on the size. Bob would like to know which size of pizza has the lowest cost per square inch. a. Identify the inputs and outputs for this problem. b. Identify the processing needed to convert the inputs to the outputs. c. Design an algorithm in pseudocode to solve this problem. Make sure to include steps to get each input and generate each output. Part 2: Complete the following problems. 1. Given the following expressions, what value would they have in a C++ program? aRead MoreGeneral Transformation Model Of The Output System1435 Words   |  6 Pages of these functions consist of processes that either take inputs that are transformed into outputs or are inputs that do the transforming into outputs. Figure 4 depicts the general transformation model showing the types of inputs that are transformed and those that do the transforming in the input-transformation-output system that is fundamental in all processes (Slack et al. 2012). Figure 4: General transformation process model Source: Slack et al. (2012) Figure 1.4. 4.2 Process design and analysisRead MoreAnalysis Of The Outputs For Whole Foods Market Essay977 Words   |  4 Pagescase, an analysis of the outputs for Whole Foods Market was performed. As with the previous case in regards to inputs, the purpose of this analysis is to determine the company’s outputs, how they interact, and how they help Whole Foods achieve their company goals. As such, determining the outputs, understanding how they are measured, and analyzing the congruency between the functions are imperative to determining how they fit into the organization. Organizational Outputs and Measurements As withRead MoreEssay on Output and 3n 2n 1n1603 Words   |  7 Pagespoints) 9. Find a truth table for the 74148 encoder. You can use the one in your textbook or download a datasheet from a manufacturer. Use the datasheet to fill in the Output columns in the table below. Depending on the source of your datasheet, you may need to cross reference the pin names. (5 points) INPUTS OUTPUTS 7N 6N 5N 4N 3N 2N 1N 0N EIN GSN EON A2N A1N A0N X X X X X X X X H H / L H / L H / L H / L H / L H H H H H H H H L H / L H / L H / L HRead MoreSystem Requirement Checklist Of Proposing A New Information For Personal Trainer, Inc. Outputs862 Words   |  4 PagesSystem requirement checklist of proposing a new information for Personal Trainer, Inc. Outputs - A daily report of all sale transactions must be produced from the BumbleBee program at the end of each day in each location. In order to make sure that system will print a report at the end of each day, we will write a program that will print the report automatically at the end of day after working hour two hours. Moreover, this system should be maintained and rechecked the report every month by systemRead MoreData Input and Output Considerations Essay1798 Words   |  8 PagesIntroduction This paper will take a closer look at data input and also data output considerations. There are many different choices when it comes to data input/output options. While it is good to have many choices, there are usually some considerations that are required to make the best possible decision. The second section of this paper will concentrate on the difference between primary and secondary storage. Lastly, the different roles of computer components and their impact on overall computerRead MoreBasic C Input / Output, Expressions And Functions999 Words   |  4 PagesBasic C Input/Output, expressions and functions Part 1 - Research What are embedded Systems? An embedded systems is a computer system with one or more specific tasks within a larger machine or system. Generally at the heart of an embedded system is a microprocessor that would control some input and output devices. Embedded systems often face much stricter constraints than most general purpose computer systems so they are much harder to program[1]. Fig 0 [3] The main constraints an embedded systemRead MoreCardiac Output ( Co )1614 Words   |  7 PagesCardiac Output (CO) is defined as the volume of blood pumped out by the heart, specifically by the left and right ventricle, per unit time (usually in 1 minute). It is the product of Stroke Volume (SV) and Heart Rate (HR) [1]. CO = SV x HR Jessica’s pre-exercise cardiac output can therefore be calculated as 70ml x 70bpm = 4900ml/min or 4.9L/min, whilst her post-exercise cardiac output is 110ml x 130bpm = 14.3L/min. In an adult at rest, the average cardiac output is 4.9L/min for a human female andRead MoreThe Unemployment And Output Statistics992 Words   |  4 PagesThe changes in the unemployment and output statistics of the United States since October 2014 have been unusual. These numbers can suggest two things: the numbers are fluctuating so much that they might not be meaningful enough to think of our economy as going into a recession or our economy can be in a little recession. To understand this more in-depth two articles describe the numbers of unemployment and output statistics that illustrates that the US economy can be seen as going into a tiny recession

Socratic Creed vs. Platos Theory of Knowledge - 2206 Words

The Synonymy of Truths and Ideas Allyson Hansen Introduction to Philosophy Mark Eleveld 13 March, 2013 Allyson Hansen Mark Eleveld Introduction to Philosophy 13 March, 2013 The Synonymy of Truths and Ideas A modern philosopher studies â€Å"the fundamental nature of knowledge, reality and existence† according to the Free Online Dictionary and many Americans. However, if you asked a philosopher to define the word ‘philosopher,’ he or she might say that a philosopher is a lover of wisdom. The word philosophy itself is derived from the Greek word φÎ ¹ÃŽ »ÃŽ ¿ÃÆ'ÃŽ ¿Ãâ€ ÃŽ ¯ÃŽ ±, or philosophia using the English alphabet. The word philosophia translates directly to mean â€Å"love of wisdom.† Philosophers believed and continue to believe that the whole mind must be†¦show more content†¦Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John wrote parables, which are not absolutely known to be factual or fictional, in which they attempt to teach Jesus’ lessons. Like Plato, none of them were actually witnesses to any of the events they wrote about. Plato writes dialogues, instead of parables, in which his character Socrates to teach So cratic philosophy, and to teach some philosophy that wasn’t truly Socratic. â€Å"Plato uses the literary character of Socrates in many of his writings to present ideas that go well beyond anything that the historical Socrates said or believed. (Encyclopà ¦dia Britannica). He uses Socrates to express his own ideas as well as those of Socrates. Plato, like any other writer, shapes his writing in such a way that his own point is portrayed. One of Plato’s dialogues, The Apology, is the story—not a direct transcript, but Plato’s rendering—of Socrates’ trial by the state, in which Socrates is the only voice. His accusers are Meletus, a poet, Anytus, a laborer and a politician, and Lycon, an orator. As aforementioned, Socrates is seen as a threat by the state and has a reputation in Athens as a result of his different ways of thinking and his claiming to be the wisest person in Athens. Two parts of the Socratic creed are revealed even before any accusations can be made against Socrates. The oracle in Delphi had told Socrates that he was the wisest (Redfield par. 20e), and Socrates uses this fact in an attempt to defend his reputation.

Battered Husbands Essay Example For Students

Battered Husbands Essay Battered Husband:An Unaddressed ProblemBillboards, radio, and TV ads across the country proclaim that every fifteen seconds a women is beaten by a man. Violence against women is clearly a problem of national importance, but has anyone ever asked how often men are beaten by women? The unfortunate fact is that men are the victims of domestic violence at least as often as women are. While the very idea of men being beaten by their wives runs contrary to many of our deeply ingrained beliefs about men and women, female violence against men is a well-documented phenomenon almost completely ignored by both the media and society. she started pawing and ripping at him with her fingers, scratching his back and face From Dec. 12, 1990 police report detailing the beating of Stanley G. by his wife multiple bruises, abrasions and lacerations chest wall contusion psychological trauma From the hospital injury report of the same incident These reports are only a taste of what we believe inconceivable for women to do to men. But believe it or not this does happen. The first reaction upon hearing about the topic of battered men, for many people, is that of incredulity. Battered husbands are almost a topic for jokes such as the cartoon image of a woman chasing her husband with a rolling pin. One researcher noted that wives were the perpetrators in 73% of the depiction of domestic violence in news paper comics (Gelles). Battered husbands have historically either been ignored or subjected to ridicule and abuse. Even those of us who like to consider ourselves liberated and open-minded often have a difficult time even imagining that husband battering could take place. Although feminism has opened many of our eyes about the existence of domestic violence, and newspaper reports often include incidents of abuse of wives, the abuse of husbands is a rarely discussed phenomenon. One reason researchers and others had not chosen to investigate husband battering is because it was thought to be a fairly rare occurrence. Police reports seemed to bear this out , with in some cases a ratio of 12 to 14.5 female victims to every one male victim. But another reason is that because women were seen as weaker and more helpless than men due to sex roles, and men on the other hand were seen as more sturdy and self-reliant, the study of abused husbands seemed relatively unimportant (Steinmetz). In 1974, a study was done which compared male and female domestic violence. In that study, it was found that 47% of husbands had used physical violence on their wives, and 33% of wives had used violence on their husbands (Gelles). Half of the respondents in this study were selected from either cases of domestic violence reported to the police, or those identified by the social service agency. Also in 1974, a study was released showing that the number of murders of women by men (17.5% of total homicides) was about the same as the number of murders of men by women (16.4%of total homicides). This study, however, showed that men were three times as likely to ass ault women as vice-versa. These statistics came from police records (Gelles). The murder statistic was no big news, by the way. In1958, an investigation of spousal homicide between 1948 and 1952 found that7.8% of murder victims were husbands murdered by wives, and 8% were wives murdered by husbands. More recently, in a study of spousal homicide in the period from 1976 to 1985, it was found that there was an overall ratio of 1.3:1.0 of murdered wives to murdered husbands, and that black husbands were at greater risk of spouse homicide victimization than black wives or white spouses of either sex. The subject of husband battering had finally been addressed, but not to the great satisfaction of anyone. Although it had finally been shown that there was violence being perpetrated both by wives and husbands, there was no information about relative frequency or severity, or who initiated the abuse and who was acting in self-defense. Furthermore, some researchers became concerned that the u se of police or social services references in choosing subjects to study might be biasing the results. In 1980, a team of researchers, including Steinmetz, attempted to address some concerns about the earlier surveys. They created a nationally representative study of family violence and found that the total violence scores seemed to be about even between husbands and wives, and in fact wives tended to be more abusive in almost all categories except pushing and shoving (Gelles Steinmetz). Strauss Gelles did a follow up survey in 1985, comparing their data to a 1975 survey. They found that in that decade, domestic violence against women dropped from 12.1% of women to 11.3% while domestic violence against men rose from 11.6% to 12.1%. The rate of severely violent incidents dropped for both groups: From 3.8% to 3.0%of women victimized and from 4.6% to 4.4% for men. In 1986, a report appeared in Social Work, the journal of the National Association of Social Workers on violence in adolescent dating relationships, in which it was found that girls were violent more frequently than boys (Ste inmetz). Another report on premarital violence found that 34% of the males and 40% of the females reported engaging in some form of physical aggression against their mates in a year. 17% of women and 7% of men reported engaging in severe physical aggression. 35% of the men and 30% of the women reported having been abused. Strauss Gelles commented in their 1986 report that violence by wives has not been an object of public concern In fact, our 1975 study was criticized for presenting statistics on violence by wives. Yet domestic violence is an issue framed in the media and in the political arena as one of male perpetrators and female victims. Violence in gay and lesbian relationships is rarely discussed, and violence against men in heterosexual relationships less so. Legislation about domestic violence is always orientated toward the female victim. For instance, in 1991, Senator Joseph Biden again introduced the Violence Against Women Act which at this writing has passed the senate Judiciary Committee. It has a section called Safe homes for Women which specifically allocates funds to womens sheltersAlso note actions like that of Ohio governor Richard F. Celeste who granted clemency to 25 women who were in prison for murdering their husbands. The reason he gave for this was the Battered Woman Syndrome which, obviously, no man can claim as his. There is very little concern shown either for the idea of making spousal abuse a capital crime with the victim as extra-judicial executioner, nor for the idea that perhaps some of the men who murder their spouses might be suffering from an analogous Battered Man Syndrome. The only shelter for battered men in the entire state of California is run by Community United Against Violence (CUAV) in San Francisco, an organization dealing exclusively with gay men. Even straight men that are brave enough to risk the stigma of admitting victimization are unlikely to turn to a group of gay men for support Mens victimization is a fact. Neverthe less, a few nagging questions remain: First, if men are so much bigger and stronger, why dont they protect themselves? The answer, when you think about it, makes perfect sense. First of all, at the same time little girls are being taught its OK to slap, little boys are being told Never hit a girl. And when these little boys grow up, they are told that any man who hits a woman is a bully. But if a woman hits him, hes supposed to take it like a man.These reasons explain why most abused men, no matter how capable they are of doing so, offer little or no resistance to their partners physical violence. And many women, well aware of these fears, may actually continue their abuse, knowing they can get away with it. One man interviewed by Dr. Steinmetz recounted the single time he retaliated against his wifes physical abuse, hitting her in the mouth. She went flying across the room After that, because he realized how badly he could hurt her, he continued to take her physical abuse without r etaliation. Some men, though, are simply unable to offer any resistance to their partners violence. James B., who now helps other men by doing volunteer peer-counseling, told me about one of his clients, a blind man who was regularly abused by his girlfriend. Shed just turn the TV up real loud, he said. So he could never tell when she was coming at him.Not fighting back is one thing, but why would any sane person stay in an abusive relationship? It may surprise some people to learn that mens reasons differ little from womens: economics and concern for the children. In fact women are still most likely to get physical custody of children in divorce cases, leading to another reason men are afraid to leave their abusive wives. MythFactWomen dont batter men.In their Conflict Tactics Scales, Murray Strauss and Richard Gelles found that women initiated violence nearly as much as men overall, actually being more likely to throw something kicking, biting, or hitting assault with an object other than a knife or gun. During heated arguments women could get to the point of doing some of the things mentioned above more easily than a many men would. Being that since the stigma of violence is placed on men so much more than women, a reasonable man would think twice before acting aggressively in any way, while a woman might act purely out of instinct. Women dont batter men except in cases of self-defense. While this is frequently claimed when people are confronted with the Conflict Tactics Scales studies, this is a rationalization not documented by research. Stop Abuse For Everyone contains no fewer than five mens stories of the abuse their wives inflicted on them that clearly refute this notion. Some men have been brave enough to post their stories to usenet, also giving the lie to this myth. Again and again and again it becomes clear each time the tale is told: Women beat men for the same reasons that men beat women and sometimes, self defense is the reason the man is being violent. The complaint about this non-exclusion of self-defense in these studies also works both ways they do not exclude cases where a woman initiates violence and a man defends himself. Worst of all, the prevalence of this myth leaves me wondering just how many women who actually killed their husbands have been getting sympathy and even pardons for their murder by playing on this belief? This leads us to think that it could be possible that many cases of domestic violence against women have been initiated by women and the man can easily get out of hand easily turning the defense into offense. Not to say that it is in anyway justified. Three Honrable Pilgrims EssaySome men, though, are simply unable to offer any resistance to their partners violence. James B., who now helps other men by doing volunteer peer-counseling, told me about one of his clients, a blind man who was regularly abused by his girlfriend. Shed just turn the TV up real loud, he said. So he could never tell when she was coming at him.Not fighting back is one thing, but why would any sane person stay in an abusive relationship? It may surprise some people to learn that mens reasons differ little from womens: economics and concern for the children. In fact women are still most likely to get physical custody of children in divorce cases, leading to another reason men are afraid to leave their abusive wives. MythFactWomen dont batter men.In their Conflict Tactics Scales, Murray Strauss and Richard Gelles found that women initiated violence nearly as much as men overall, actually being more likely to throw something kicking, biting, or hitting assault with an object other than a knife or gun. During heated arguments women could get to the point of doing some of the things mentioned above more easily than a many men would. Being that since the stigma of violence is placed on men so much more than women, a reasonable man would think twice before acting aggressively in any way, while a woman might act purely out of instinct. Women dont batter men except in cases of self-defense. While this is frequently claimed when people are confronted with the Conflict Tactics Scales studies, this is a rationalization not documented by research. Stop Abuse For Everyone contains no fewer than five mens stories of the abuse their wives inflicted on them that clearly refute this notion. Some men have been brave enough to post their stories to usenet, also giving the lie to this myth. Again and again and again it becomes clear each time the tale is told: Women beat men for the same reasons that men beat women and sometimes, self defense is the reason the man is being violent. The complaint about this non-exclusion of self-defense in these studies also works both ways they do not exclude cases where a woman initiates violence and a man defends himself. Worst of all, the prevalence of this myth leaves me wondering just how many women who actually killed their husbands have been getting sympathy and even pardons for their murder by playing on this belief? This leads us to think that it could be possible that many cases of domestic violence against women have been initiated by women and the man can easily get out of hand easily turning the defense into offense. Not to say that it is in anyway justified. Since women are not as large as strong as men, its not as bad when they batter men. Husband batterer Karen Gillhespy broke her husbands ribs, ripped entire patches of his hair out, scratched him, bit him, beat him with a baseball bat and kicked him, according to the Detroit News article about her. (Emphasis added) Other men have been stabbed, shot, bludgeoned, and otherwise battered there is no form of violence that female violence against men has not included. Violence takes various forms. There is no question that since men are, on average, bigger and stronger than women, they can do more damage in a fistfight. However, the average mans size and strength are neutralized by guns and knives, boiling water, bricks, fireplace pokers and baseball bats. In fact, a 1984 study of 6,200 cases of reported domestic assault found that 86% of female-on-male violence involved weapons, while only 25% of male-on-female violence did. Its just not as big a problem as wife-beating It is the same pro blem as wife-beating. The one and only problem here is that people are using violence as a means of control of others. To cast the problem as male violence against women is to lie. Years ago, it could have been excused as misunderstanding based on missing data. However, there is no longer any excuse for anyone to pretend that such a term accurately describes domestic violence. To point out female violence against men is to expose the lie and to allow the truth to be seen. Just because there are less reported occurrences does not diminish the problem. I would not disagree by any means that men do batter women more, however even one case of the opposite is enough to call attention and just as worthy of awareness. The claim that any significant number of men are battered is not born out by police reports. Men were: 46% of the murder victims 32% of the aggravated assault victims 7% of the rape victims 30% of the robbery victims 18% of the simple assault victims 10% of miscellaneous othe r offenses in crimes in Domestic Violence incidents reported to the Michigan State Police by individual police departments in 1995. (Source: The Detroit News) Nor is these an isolated statistic, as documented by the appallingly misnamed Nov. 1998 Department of Justice report on the National Violence Against Women Survey, which showed 36% of the victims of domestic violence being men. (all figures are rates per 1000 couples per year, and the CTS figures are based on two national surveys of a representative population sample)Rates per year per 1000 couples of various forms of violence. CTS SURVEY #11975N=2143}SURVEY #21985N=3520}Kentucky 1979Wife VictimHusband VictimWife VictimHusband VictimWife VictimThrew something 2852284329Pushed, grabbed, or shoved 10783938985Slapped 5146294148kicked, bit, or hit with fist 2431152414Hit or tried to hit with something 2230173022Beat up 1168418Threat with gun or knife 464614Used gun or knife 32224Overall violence (1-8) 121116113121 severe violence (5-8) 39463044 Note: that the CTS figures (and probably the Kentucky figures as well) show only raw incidents of violence, and do not take into account motivation or self defense. Other data, however indicates that the gender of the striker of the first blow is fairly uniform. Jan. E States and Murray A Straus, Gender Differences in Reporting Marital Violence and Its Medical and Psychological Consequences, ch 9 in Straus Gelles Physical Violence in American Families quote the following: Men claimed they struck the first blow in 44% of the cases, their female partners in 44% of the cas es, and couldnt remember in 12% of the cases. The women claimed men hit them first in 43% of the cases, that they struck the first blow in 53% of the cases, and couldnt remember in 5% of the cases. However, data for injury rates based on these studies shows women seeking treatment for a doctor much more often than men did. In a study of 8145 families 7.3% of 137 women severely assaulted (i.e. 10 out of 137) and 1% of 95 men severely assaulted (i.e 1 out of 95) men needed a doctor. In conclusion, I think that husband battering is a serious problem, comparable to the problem of wife battering. Even if the statistics collected in the last several years are completely wrong and only one in 14 victims of spousal abuse are men, these are men who are hurting and need services that are currently not available. Continuing to portray spousal violence solely as a womens issue is not only wrong its also counterproductive. And encouraging such unnecessary fragmentation and divisiveness will ult imately do more harm than good. No one has, or should have, a control on pain and suffering. But until society as a whole confronts its deeply embedded stereotypes and recognizes all the victims of domestic violence, we will never be able to solve the problem. Domestic violence is an either a male or a female issue its simply a human issue. ReferencesRichard Gelles. (1974). The violent home: a study of physical aggression between husbands and wives. Beverly Hills: SageNo More Silencehttp://www.panix.com/holzman/maledv/Spousal Abuse Rates Stats from UCR and Straus, Gelleshttp://www.vix.com/men/battery/ucr-strauss-stat.htmlSusan SteintmetzMen: The Secret Victims Of Domestic Violencehttp://www.vix.com/pub/men/folks/steinmetz.html